Evolution as multilevel learning (Vanchurin et al. 2022)
Vanchurin, Wolf, Katsnelson & Koonin propose that biological evolution—including the origin of life—is multilevel learning: seven principles (P1–P7) that make a universe observable, and ten evolutionary phenomena (E1–E10) that follow from them. Primary source: Toward a theory of evolution as multilevel learning (PNAS 2022, DOI 10.1073/pnas.2120037119). Local copy: PDF.
Principles (P1–P7)
P1. Loss function. In any evolving system, there exists a loss function of time-dependent variables that is minimized during evolution.
P2. Hierarchy of scales. Evolving systems encompass multiple dynamical variables that change on different temporal scales (with different characteristic frequencies).
P3. Frequency gaps. Dynamical variables are split among distinct levels of organization separated by sufficiently wide frequency gaps.
P4. Renormalizability. Across the entire range of organization of evolving systems, a statistical description of faster-changing (higher-frequency) variables is feasible through the slower-changing (lower-frequency) variables.
P5. Extension. Evolving systems have the capacity to recruit additional variables that can be utilized to sustain the system and the ability to exclude variables that could destabilize the system.
P6. Replication. In evolving systems, replication and elimination of the corresponding information-processing units (IPUs) can take place on every level of organization.
P7. Information flow. In evolving systems, slower-changing levels absorb information from faster-changing levels during learning and pass information down to the faster levels for prediction of the state of the environment and the system itself.
Evolutionary phenomena (E1–E10)
Phenomena E1–E7 are generic (learning systems generally); E8–E10 are biological.[^generic]
E1. IPUs. Discrete information-processing units (self-vs. nonself-differentiation and discrimination) exist at all levels of organization.
E2. Frustration. Multidimensional and multiscale optimization problems generically lead to frustration from conflicting objectives at different scales.
E3. Multilevel hierarchy. The hierarchy of multiple levels of organization is an intrinsic feature of evolving biological systems in structure and in the substrate evolutionary forces act upon.
E4. Near optimality. Stochastic optimization tends to rapidly find local optima and keeps the system in their vicinity, sustaining the loss function at a near-optimal level.
E5. Diversity of near-optimal solutions. Solutions on loss-function landscapes span numerous local peaks of comparable heights.
E6. Separation of phenotype from genotype. Dedicated digital information storage media are separated from mostly analog processing devices, with asymmetric information flow from genotype to phenotype.
E7. Replication. Copying and sharing genomic information are essential for long-term persistence of IPUs beyond individual lifetimes.
E8. Natural selection. Darwinian evolution arises when distinct IPUs depend on stored information and can copy and share it, producing differential reproduction of genotypes.
E9. Parasitism. Parasites and host-parasite coevolution are ubiquitous across biological systems and indispensable for the evolution of life.
E10. Programmed death. Programmed (to various degrees) death is an intrinsic feature of life.
Relationship diagram
graph LR
Bcd0abbaeeead("⬜ E1. IPUs")
B6cec4f9d56da("⬜ P7. Information flow")
Bf544a116c0ea("⬜ E8. Natural selection")
Bf5bb367d65b9("⬜ P6. Replication")
B9e65477db6b5("⬜ P2. Hierarchy of scales")
Literal_0d44733d1e56[["Evolving systems encompass multiple dynamical variables that change on different temporal scales (with different characteristic frequencies)."]]
B0b6b0bd351bd("⬜ P7. Information flow")
https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119("Toward a theory of evolution as multilevel learning")
click https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119 "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2120037119"
Bcafc7a3c034f("⬜ E7. Replication")
Be92d5ba6162c("⬜ E6. Separation of phenotype from genotype")
B7776165f7846("⬜ P3. Frequency gaps")
B1c1f7cbfa71f("⬜ E9. Parasitism")
Bd28d411b9166("⬜ E5. Diversity of near-optimal solutions")
Literal_5acc18c6d98b[["In evolving systems, slower-changing levels absorb information from faster-changing levels during learning and pass information down to the faster levels for prediction of the state of the environment and the system itself."]]
Bda8b7c548599("⬜ E4. Near optimality")
B0637ac0cffe0("⬜ P1. Loss function")
Literal_f2aecfdf7c87[["Dedicated digital information storage media are separated from mostly analog processing devices, with asymmetric information flow from genotype to phenotype."]]
Literal_ebbd6d9a9060[["Parasites and host-parasite coevolution are ubiquitous across biological systems and indispensable for the evolution of life."]]
B14252a9be848("⬜ E1. IPUs")
B824a4566f636("⬜ P6. Replication")
B4a97a52331eb("⬜ E9. Parasitism")
B51759915214c("⬜ E10. Programmed death")
B30c1fde31ba7("⬜ E8. Natural selection")
Bd358df71da69("⬜ P1. Loss function")
Be312146506a1("⬜ P5. Extension")
Literal_7c0d68ab02dc[["Evolving systems have the capacity to recruit additional variables that can be utilized to sustain the system and the ability to exclude variables that could destabilize the system."]]
Bb9837f8755c4("⬜ P4. Renormalizability")
Bf67658470c57("⬜ E5. Diversity of near-optimal solutions")
B4182a38f4e7c("⬜ P2. Hierarchy of scales")
Literal_798406d2f2dd[["Solutions on loss-function landscapes span numerous local peaks of comparable heights."]]
Bd00f16bea640("⬜ E3. Multilevel hierarchy")
B2799440a060f("⬜ P5. Extension")
Literal_092d269d36e1[["In evolving systems, replication and elimination of the corresponding information-processing units (IPUs) can take place on every level of organization."]]
B43704ea1605c("⬜ P3. Frequency gaps")
Literal_6e8e6757e92f[["Dynamical variables are split among distinct levels of organization separated by sufficiently wide frequency gaps."]]
B08e6c4273903("⬜ E7. Replication")
B8c4da29ae39f("⬜ E10. Programmed death")
B4f54defb2388("⬜ E4. Near optimality")
B8abd996e57e0("⬜ P4. Renormalizability")
B83d98419adc9("⬜ E3. Multilevel hierarchy")
Literal_45f71d7c5f2a[["Darwinian evolution arises when distinct IPUs depend on stored information and can copy and share it, producing differential reproduction of genotypes."]]
Bbaaf0e83ddbe("⬜ E2. Frustration")
Literal_47b134c1bb51[["Across the entire range of organization of evolving systems, a statistical description of faster-changing (higher-frequency) variables is feasible through the slower-changing (lower-frequency) variables."]]
B8499dc145e94("⬜ E2. Frustration")
B2a42db9ffefe("⬜ E6. Separation of phenotype from genotype")
Literal_0927974f91ac[["The hierarchy of multiple levels of organization is an intrinsic feature of evolving biological systems in structure and in the substrate evolutionary forces act upon."]]
Literal_17d8f7821f93[["Stochastic optimization tends to rapidly find local optima and keeps the system in their vicinity, sustaining the loss function at a near-optimal level."]]
Literal_9b5e5f873e6c[["Multidimensional and multiscale optimization problems generically lead to frustration from conflicting objectives at different scales."]]
Literal_19e68450f3c1[["In any evolving system, there exists a loss function of time-dependent variables that is minimized during evolution."]]
Literal_f9da3439287e[["Discrete information-processing units (self-vs. nonself-differentiation and discrimination) exist at all levels of organization."]]
Literal_bf1d305656ee[["Programmed (to various degrees) death is an intrinsic feature of life."]]
Literal_56a21b745369[["Copying and sharing genomic information are essential for long-term persistence of IPUs beyond individual lifetimes."]]
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click Edge_9716740d3ec6 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B14252a9be848 --- Edge_4db51e4bedc8(["Requires"])--> Bd358df71da69
click Edge_4db51e4bedc8 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B8c4da29ae39f --- Edge_84cfe3746830(["Requires"])--> Bb9837f8755c4
click Edge_84cfe3746830 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B14252a9be848 --- Edge_91a6c4f4c225(["comment"])--> Literal_f9da3439287e
click Edge_91a6c4f4c225 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
B83d98419adc9 --- Edge_fa4253e3034c(["Requires"])--> Bb9837f8755c4
click Edge_fa4253e3034c "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B30c1fde31ba7 --- Edge_6e73a0bee6a2(["Requires"])--> B14252a9be848
click Edge_6e73a0bee6a2 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B8c4da29ae39f --- Edge_a37f7e2a5bb2(["Requires"])--> B30c1fde31ba7
click Edge_a37f7e2a5bb2 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Be92d5ba6162c --- Edge_2fe9db7a0b3c(["Requires"])--> Bd358df71da69
click Edge_2fe9db7a0b3c "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B8c4da29ae39f --- Edge_203772b21e23(["comment"])--> Literal_bf1d305656ee
click Edge_203772b21e23 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
Bcd0abbaeeead --- Edge_6e5c43c471ed(["Requires"])--> Bf5bb367d65b9
click Edge_6e5c43c471ed "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B14252a9be848 --- Edge_0a10a6d46fdd(["Requires"])--> Bb9837f8755c4
click Edge_0a10a6d46fdd "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Bb9837f8755c4 --- Edge_64027463d5c2(["comment"])--> Literal_47b134c1bb51
click Edge_64027463d5c2 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
Bd358df71da69 --- Edge_d9375a4d1260(["comment"])--> Literal_19e68450f3c1
click Edge_d9375a4d1260 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
B8499dc145e94 --- Edge_20693ba8cbbf(["comment"])--> Literal_9b5e5f873e6c
click Edge_20693ba8cbbf "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
B2a42db9ffefe --- Edge_b1fc2a51110f(["Requires"])--> B2799440a060f
click Edge_b1fc2a51110f "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B4a97a52331eb --- Edge_f75350cd7ab8(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_f75350cd7ab8 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
Bf544a116c0ea --- Edge_c08417ec6a47(["Requires"])--> Bcd0abbaeeead
click Edge_c08417ec6a47 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B30c1fde31ba7 --- Edge_f343085a0782(["Requires"])--> B4182a38f4e7c
click Edge_f343085a0782 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B83d98419adc9 --- Edge_3fcafe4dab28(["w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom"])--> Bbaaf0e83ddbe
click Edge_3fcafe4dab28 "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom"
Bcd0abbaeeead --- Edge_a0591da94ff9(["Requires"])--> B0637ac0cffe0
click Edge_a0591da94ff9 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Bcd0abbaeeead --- Edge_5331505a6c65(["Requires"])--> B8abd996e57e0
click Edge_5331505a6c65 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Bf544a116c0ea --- Edge_9ed686d1b9e1(["Requires"])--> B0637ac0cffe0
click Edge_9ed686d1b9e1 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Be92d5ba6162c --- Edge_b2fde1a2e35a(["Requires"])--> Bb9837f8755c4
click Edge_b2fde1a2e35a "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Bcafc7a3c034f --- Edge_9730da35f304(["comment"])--> Literal_56a21b745369
click Edge_9730da35f304 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
Bf544a116c0ea --- Edge_61b084a768cf(["Requires"])--> B8abd996e57e0
click Edge_61b084a768cf "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B51759915214c --- Edge_9417f38604a5(["comment"])--> Literal_bf1d305656ee
click Edge_9417f38604a5 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
B08e6c4273903 --- Edge_1c0e6b94fbde(["w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom"])--> B2a42db9ffefe
click Edge_1c0e6b94fbde "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom"
B8499dc145e94 --- Edge_24b1dcf39100(["Requires"])--> B9e65477db6b5
click Edge_24b1dcf39100 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B6cec4f9d56da --- Edge_dbc50dd60174(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_dbc50dd60174 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
Bd00f16bea640 --- Edge_70355584b55f(["w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom"])--> B8499dc145e94
click Edge_70355584b55f "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom"
Bf544a116c0ea --- Edge_f906a8567625(["Requires"])--> B43704ea1605c
click Edge_f906a8567625 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B30c1fde31ba7 --- Edge_057393f47213(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_057393f47213 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
Bda8b7c548599 --- Edge_75292ae1409a(["comment"])--> Literal_17d8f7821f93
click Edge_75292ae1409a "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
Bf544a116c0ea --- Edge_a8d2ef442294(["comment"])--> Literal_45f71d7c5f2a
click Edge_a8d2ef442294 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
Bcd0abbaeeead --- Edge_5874bae05a62(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_5874bae05a62 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
Bd00f16bea640 --- Edge_d0e15523425f(["comment"])--> Literal_0927974f91ac
click Edge_d0e15523425f "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
B08e6c4273903 --- Edge_55995978a24b(["comment"])--> Literal_56a21b745369
click Edge_55995978a24b "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
B2a42db9ffefe --- Edge_94b1042b6a0f(["Requires"])--> B9e65477db6b5
click Edge_94b1042b6a0f "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B14252a9be848 --- Edge_1f84a65cf537(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_1f84a65cf537 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
Bcd0abbaeeead --- Edge_ee8e90059631(["Requires"])--> B2799440a060f
click Edge_ee8e90059631 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B30c1fde31ba7 --- Edge_621b5c5a317f(["Requires"])--> Bcafc7a3c034f
click Edge_621b5c5a317f "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Bcd0abbaeeead --- Edge_41479a94c99d(["comment"])--> Literal_f9da3439287e
click Edge_41479a94c99d "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
B8499dc145e94 --- Edge_0775a5e6291f(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_0775a5e6291f "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
B2a42db9ffefe --- Edge_38246e6ef734(["Requires"])--> B6cec4f9d56da
click Edge_38246e6ef734 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B08e6c4273903 --- Edge_46c057de0fa0(["Requires"])--> Bf5bb367d65b9
click Edge_46c057de0fa0 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Bcafc7a3c034f --- Edge_9f93681050d2(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_9f93681050d2 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
Bf544a116c0ea --- Edge_4bfe089e45c8(["Requires"])--> B2799440a060f
click Edge_4bfe089e45c8 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B2799440a060f --- Edge_feef168c0cc8(["comment"])--> Literal_7c0d68ab02dc
click Edge_feef168c0cc8 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
B7776165f7846 --- Edge_2e252409361d(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_2e252409361d "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
B4182a38f4e7c --- Edge_0b6d1b97cbeb(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_0b6d1b97cbeb "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
B2a42db9ffefe --- Edge_0cc4eb43bf93(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_0cc4eb43bf93 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
B824a4566f636 --- Edge_809ce79bc60e(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_809ce79bc60e "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
Bd00f16bea640 --- Edge_3f22aacfb7e3(["Requires"])--> B8abd996e57e0
click Edge_3f22aacfb7e3 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B14252a9be848 --- Edge_9c044baac578(["Requires"])--> B0b6b0bd351bd
click Edge_9c044baac578 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B08e6c4273903 --- Edge_7c2dd25cd4b9(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_7c2dd25cd4b9 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
B30c1fde31ba7 --- Edge_12aa8f25236c(["Requires"])--> Be92d5ba6162c
click Edge_12aa8f25236c "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Bcd0abbaeeead --- Edge_2d5d36e0ac8c(["Requires"])--> B9e65477db6b5
click Edge_2d5d36e0ac8c "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B14252a9be848 --- Edge_71b94eb4449f(["Requires"])--> B7776165f7846
click Edge_71b94eb4449f "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Be312146506a1 --- Edge_9688d99114af(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_9688d99114af "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
Be92d5ba6162c --- Edge_92b6106ba6b5(["Requires"])--> B0b6b0bd351bd
click Edge_92b6106ba6b5 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B9e65477db6b5 --- Edge_4b6d69d8984d(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_4b6d69d8984d "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
Bf544a116c0ea --- Edge_8e9e4ca3fe78(["Requires"])--> B9e65477db6b5
click Edge_8e9e4ca3fe78 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
classDef predicate fill:#1f2233,stroke:transparent,color:#f8fafc,stroke-width:0px;
classDef hidden fill:transparent,stroke:transparent,color:transparent,stroke-width:0px;
classDef nanopubdot fill:#0f172a,stroke:#0f172a,color:transparent,stroke-width:2px;
classDef transparent fill:transparent,stroke:transparent,color:transparent,stroke-width:0px;
class Edge_d153b1013ac6,Edge_febbd8dbd993,Edge_64c1c2347f20,Edge_80361dfd2315,Edge_ff343f27e153,Edge_57d8f79ea7c6,Edge_313a94217438,Edge_9e7e785e450c,Edge_f9a6e51a8a3a,Edge_36ae14a91e0e,Edge_ce7b5e935d7a,Edge_e5718d97e17e,Edge_f892ea5cc278,Edge_94a34007b595,Edge_2ee5eef6f746,Edge_99b73a015e6b,Edge_6a749c2c2a05,Edge_fc67d345ba46,Edge_2df69ba73372,Edge_b91e664fa1de,Edge_332fef949d6a,Edge_168a199f246e,Edge_a4348938b319,Edge_e78d02f756f2,Edge_56b58913ace5,Edge_962f07abf28a,Edge_94a66b868083,Edge_cf3859306f52,Edge_796ec5e4af27,Edge_cd3b2da27a0b,Edge_b7dd7ba8d5fa,Edge_da093d057ce9,Edge_d08c98f69fb4,Edge_262c28fbc627,Edge_747f7b4f1562,Edge_64a9ce82993a,Edge_b678ec2caa5a,Edge_535eb5ea30b1,Edge_d03cc149e28b,Edge_7e30c28e19cd,Edge_b3b3a082c18d,Edge_84699a956291,Edge_152fa8481287,Edge_2d3a35472be5,Edge_df60d6049282,Edge_14b9b81d6e0e,Edge_7bf0825c7152,Edge_613b1788a082,Edge_7ed22053ea04,Edge_91703aa00298,Edge_266620c86ad2,Edge_b1f0cddd63eb,Edge_e5f73a5026f3,Edge_13ed282a2a80,Edge_73070ee9068e,Edge_b4729b303016,Edge_0a09351d39aa,Edge_7b7026deec59,Edge_fec591d7b90a,Edge_3f6eec114740,Edge_5c201fe6bfa4,Edge_7ee147de089f,Edge_a89b5c9d36eb,Edge_b302db54873f,Edge_515d922b5ab9,Edge_5302da5e6e43,Edge_bf13bc82c738,Edge_e56464bc6124,Edge_f3a1a4725b39,Edge_5c82fc49acdc,Edge_9c13eebf576a,Edge_2f951e3bee28,Edge_50b65fe82ea8,Edge_428f9aa8234d,Edge_48eaf226cc9b,Edge_f52af0556506,Edge_7aa67ce7b0b8,Edge_7cd86af9b072,Edge_8bbabc9ed9bd,Edge_0698964a5f85,Edge_0a2c52cf0db3,Edge_bf5ca896f495,Edge_d6413c8099e7,Edge_9ff3287883fb,Edge_74e30e746890,Edge_846e1629cfeb,Edge_9716740d3ec6,Edge_4db51e4bedc8,Edge_84cfe3746830,Edge_91a6c4f4c225,Edge_fa4253e3034c,Edge_6e73a0bee6a2,Edge_a37f7e2a5bb2,Edge_2fe9db7a0b3c,Edge_203772b21e23,Edge_6e5c43c471ed,Edge_0a10a6d46fdd,Edge_64027463d5c2,Edge_d9375a4d1260,Edge_20693ba8cbbf,Edge_b1fc2a51110f,Edge_f75350cd7ab8,Edge_c08417ec6a47,Edge_f343085a0782,Edge_3fcafe4dab28,Edge_a0591da94ff9,Edge_5331505a6c65,Edge_9ed686d1b9e1,Edge_b2fde1a2e35a,Edge_9730da35f304,Edge_61b084a768cf,Edge_9417f38604a5,Edge_1c0e6b94fbde,Edge_24b1dcf39100,Edge_dbc50dd60174,Edge_70355584b55f,Edge_f906a8567625,Edge_057393f47213,Edge_75292ae1409a,Edge_a8d2ef442294,Edge_5874bae05a62,Edge_d0e15523425f,Edge_55995978a24b,Edge_94b1042b6a0f,Edge_1f84a65cf537,Edge_ee8e90059631,Edge_621b5c5a317f,Edge_41479a94c99d,Edge_0775a5e6291f,Edge_38246e6ef734,Edge_46c057de0fa0,Edge_9f93681050d2,Edge_4bfe089e45c8,Edge_feef168c0cc8,Edge_2e252409361d,Edge_0b6d1b97cbeb,Edge_0cc4eb43bf93,Edge_809ce79bc60e,Edge_3f22aacfb7e3,Edge_9c044baac578,Edge_7c2dd25cd4b9,Edge_12aa8f25236c,Edge_2d5d36e0ac8c,Edge_71b94eb4449f,Edge_9688d99114af,Edge_92b6106ba6b5,Edge_4b6d69d8984d,Edge_8e9e4ca3fe78 predicate
Principle → phenomenon links
| Phenomenon | Predicated on principles |
|---|---|
| E1 | P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 |
| E2 | P2 |
| E3 | P4 |
| E4 | P1 |
| E5 | P2 |
| E6 | P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 |
| E7 | P6 |
| E8 | P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 |
| E9 | P5, P6, P7 |
| E10 | P4, P5, P6 |
Phenomenon → phenomenon links
| Phenomenon | Relationship | Related phenomenon |
|---|---|---|
| E3 | consequence of | E2 |
| E5 | predicated on | E2 |
| E7 | consequence of | E6 |
| E8 | predicated on | E1, E6, E7 |
| E9 | predicated on | E5 |
| E10 | predicated on | E8 |
[^generic]: Phenomena E1–E7 are generic—they apply to all learning systems, including purely physical and prebiotic ones. Phenomena E8–E10 belong in the realm of biology; the onset of natural selection (E8) marks the origin of life.