Evolution as multilevel learning (Vanchurin et al. 2022)
Vanchurin, Wolf, Katsnelson & Koonin propose that biological evolution—including the origin of life—is multilevel learning: seven principles (P1–P7) that make a universe observable, and ten evolutionary phenomena (E1–E10) that follow from them. Primary source: Toward a theory of evolution as multilevel learning (PNAS 2022, DOI 10.1073/pnas.2120037119). Local copy: PDF.
Principles (P1–P7)
P1. Loss function. In any evolving system, there exists a loss function of time-dependent variables that is minimized during evolution.
P2. Hierarchy of scales. Evolving systems encompass multiple dynamical variables that change on different temporal scales (with different characteristic frequencies).
P3. Frequency gaps. Dynamical variables are split among distinct levels of organization separated by sufficiently wide frequency gaps.
P4. Renormalizability. Across the entire range of organization of evolving systems, a statistical description of faster-changing (higher-frequency) variables is feasible through the slower-changing (lower-frequency) variables.
P5. Extension. Evolving systems have the capacity to recruit additional variables that can be utilized to sustain the system and the ability to exclude variables that could destabilize the system.
P6. Replication. In evolving systems, replication and elimination of the corresponding information-processing units (IPUs) can take place on every level of organization.
P7. Information flow. In evolving systems, slower-changing levels absorb information from faster-changing levels during learning and pass information down to the faster levels for prediction of the state of the environment and the system itself.
Evolutionary phenomena (E1–E10)
Phenomena E1–E7 are generic (learning systems generally); E8–E10 are biological.[^generic]
E1. IPUs. Discrete information-processing units (self-vs. nonself-differentiation and discrimination) exist at all levels of organization.
E2. Frustration. Multidimensional and multiscale optimization problems generically lead to frustration from conflicting objectives at different scales.
E3. Multilevel hierarchy. The hierarchy of multiple levels of organization is an intrinsic feature of evolving biological systems in structure and in the substrate evolutionary forces act upon.
E4. Near optimality. Stochastic optimization tends to rapidly find local optima and keeps the system in their vicinity, sustaining the loss function at a near-optimal level.
E5. Diversity of near-optimal solutions. Solutions on loss-function landscapes span numerous local peaks of comparable heights.
E6. Separation of phenotype from genotype. Dedicated digital information storage media are separated from mostly analog processing devices, with asymmetric information flow from genotype to phenotype.
E7. Replication. Copying and sharing genomic information are essential for long-term persistence of IPUs beyond individual lifetimes.
E8. Natural selection. Darwinian evolution arises when distinct IPUs depend on stored information and can copy and share it, producing differential reproduction of genotypes.
E9. Parasitism. Parasites and host-parasite coevolution are ubiquitous across biological systems and indispensable for the evolution of life.
E10. Programmed death. Programmed (to various degrees) death is an intrinsic feature of life.
Relationship diagram
graph LR
B2a42db9ffefe("⬜ E6. Separation of phenotype from genotype")
B6cec4f9d56da("⬜ P7. Information flow")
B51759915214c("⬜ E10. Programmed death")
B2799440a060f("⬜ P5. Extension")
B7776165f7846("⬜ P3. Frequency gaps")
https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119("Toward a theory of evolution as multilevel learning")
click https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119 "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2120037119"
Bda8b7c548599("⬜ E4. Near optimality")
B30c1fde31ba7("⬜ E8. Natural selection")
Be312146506a1("⬜ P5. Extension")
B14252a9be848("⬜ E1. IPUs")
Bd358df71da69("⬜ P1. Loss function")
B8abd996e57e0("⬜ P4. Renormalizability")
Bd28d411b9166("⬜ E5. Diversity of near-optimal solutions")
B8499dc145e94("⬜ E2. Frustration")
Be92d5ba6162c("⬜ E6. Separation of phenotype from genotype")
Bb9837f8755c4("⬜ P4. Renormalizability")
Bf67658470c57("⬜ E5. Diversity of near-optimal solutions")
Bf544a116c0ea("⬜ E8. Natural selection")
B0b6b0bd351bd("⬜ P7. Information flow")
B0637ac0cffe0("⬜ P1. Loss function")
Bbaaf0e83ddbe("⬜ E2. Frustration")
Literal_7c0d68ab02dc[["Evolving systems have the capacity to recruit additional variables that can be utilized to sustain the system and the ability to exclude variables that could destabilize the system."]]
B43704ea1605c("⬜ P3. Frequency gaps")
B08e6c4273903("⬜ E7. Replication")
B824a4566f636("⬜ P6. Replication")
Literal_092d269d36e1[["In evolving systems, replication and elimination of the corresponding information-processing units (IPUs) can take place on every level of organization."]]
B9e65477db6b5("⬜ P2. Hierarchy of scales")
B4182a38f4e7c("⬜ P2. Hierarchy of scales")
Literal_0d44733d1e56[["Evolving systems encompass multiple dynamical variables that change on different temporal scales (with different characteristic frequencies)."]]
B1c1f7cbfa71f("⬜ E9. Parasitism")
Literal_ebbd6d9a9060[["Parasites and host-parasite coevolution are ubiquitous across biological systems and indispensable for the evolution of life."]]
Literal_798406d2f2dd[["Solutions on loss-function landscapes span numerous local peaks of comparable heights."]]
Bcd0abbaeeead("⬜ E1. IPUs")
B83d98419adc9("⬜ E3. Multilevel hierarchy")
B4f54defb2388("⬜ E4. Near optimality")
Bcafc7a3c034f("⬜ E7. Replication")
Literal_56a21b745369[["Copying and sharing genomic information are essential for long-term persistence of IPUs beyond individual lifetimes."]]
Literal_9b5e5f873e6c[["Multidimensional and multiscale optimization problems generically lead to frustration from conflicting objectives at different scales."]]
Literal_f2aecfdf7c87[["Dedicated digital information storage media are separated from mostly analog processing devices, with asymmetric information flow from genotype to phenotype."]]
B8c4da29ae39f("⬜ E10. Programmed death")
Literal_45f71d7c5f2a[["Darwinian evolution arises when distinct IPUs depend on stored information and can copy and share it, producing differential reproduction of genotypes."]]
B4a97a52331eb("⬜ E9. Parasitism")
Literal_17d8f7821f93[["Stochastic optimization tends to rapidly find local optima and keeps the system in their vicinity, sustaining the loss function at a near-optimal level."]]
Literal_47b134c1bb51[["Across the entire range of organization of evolving systems, a statistical description of faster-changing (higher-frequency) variables is feasible through the slower-changing (lower-frequency) variables."]]
Literal_5acc18c6d98b[["In evolving systems, slower-changing levels absorb information from faster-changing levels during learning and pass information down to the faster levels for prediction of the state of the environment and the system itself."]]
Bd00f16bea640("⬜ E3. Multilevel hierarchy")
Literal_f9da3439287e[["Discrete information-processing units (self-vs. nonself-differentiation and discrimination) exist at all levels of organization."]]
Bf5bb367d65b9("⬜ P6. Replication")
Literal_0927974f91ac[["The hierarchy of multiple levels of organization is an intrinsic feature of evolving biological systems in structure and in the substrate evolutionary forces act upon."]]
Literal_6e8e6757e92f[["Dynamical variables are split among distinct levels of organization separated by sufficiently wide frequency gaps."]]
Literal_19e68450f3c1[["In any evolving system, there exists a loss function of time-dependent variables that is minimized during evolution."]]
Literal_bf1d305656ee[["Programmed (to various degrees) death is an intrinsic feature of life."]]
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B2a42db9ffefe --- Edge_0a2c52cf0db3(["Requires"])--> Bf5bb367d65b9
click Edge_0a2c52cf0db3 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B14252a9be848 --- Edge_1f84a65cf537(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_1f84a65cf537 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
Bd358df71da69 --- Edge_cd3b2da27a0b(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_cd3b2da27a0b "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
B30c1fde31ba7 --- Edge_f343085a0782(["Requires"])--> B4182a38f4e7c
click Edge_f343085a0782 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B08e6c4273903 --- Edge_46c057de0fa0(["Requires"])--> Bf5bb367d65b9
click Edge_46c057de0fa0 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Be92d5ba6162c --- Edge_796ec5e4af27(["Requires"])--> Be312146506a1
click Edge_796ec5e4af27 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B8499dc145e94 --- Edge_0775a5e6291f(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_0775a5e6291f "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
B7776165f7846 --- Edge_2f951e3bee28(["comment"])--> Literal_6e8e6757e92f
click Edge_2f951e3bee28 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
B4a97a52331eb --- Edge_0698964a5f85(["Requires"])--> Bf67658470c57
click Edge_0698964a5f85 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B2a42db9ffefe --- Edge_f52af0556506(["comment"])--> Literal_f2aecfdf7c87
click Edge_f52af0556506 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
Bd28d411b9166 --- Edge_b302db54873f(["Requires"])--> B9e65477db6b5
click Edge_b302db54873f "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B1c1f7cbfa71f --- Edge_b1f0cddd63eb(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_b1f0cddd63eb "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
B30c1fde31ba7 --- Edge_621b5c5a317f(["Requires"])--> Bcafc7a3c034f
click Edge_621b5c5a317f "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B14252a9be848 --- Edge_535eb5ea30b1(["Requires"])--> B4182a38f4e7c
click Edge_535eb5ea30b1 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B43704ea1605c --- Edge_d08c98f69fb4(["comment"])--> Literal_6e8e6757e92f
click Edge_d08c98f69fb4 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
Bcd0abbaeeead --- Edge_5874bae05a62(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_5874bae05a62 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
B9e65477db6b5 --- Edge_64c1c2347f20(["comment"])--> Literal_0d44733d1e56
click Edge_64c1c2347f20 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
B8c4da29ae39f --- Edge_b678ec2caa5a(["Requires"])--> B824a4566f636
click Edge_b678ec2caa5a "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Bf544a116c0ea --- Edge_8e9e4ca3fe78(["Requires"])--> B9e65477db6b5
click Edge_8e9e4ca3fe78 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Bcafc7a3c034f --- Edge_9f93681050d2(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_9f93681050d2 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
Bd358df71da69 --- Edge_d9375a4d1260(["comment"])--> Literal_19e68450f3c1
click Edge_d9375a4d1260 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
Bd28d411b9166 --- Edge_8bbabc9ed9bd(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_8bbabc9ed9bd "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
Bf544a116c0ea --- Edge_f906a8567625(["Requires"])--> B43704ea1605c
click Edge_f906a8567625 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Bf5bb367d65b9 --- Edge_168a199f246e(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_168a199f246e "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
B30c1fde31ba7 --- Edge_94a66b868083(["Requires"])--> Bb9837f8755c4
click Edge_94a66b868083 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B83d98419adc9 --- Edge_7ee147de089f(["comment"])--> Literal_0927974f91ac
click Edge_7ee147de089f "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
B6cec4f9d56da --- Edge_dbc50dd60174(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_dbc50dd60174 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
Bf544a116c0ea --- Edge_febbd8dbd993(["Requires"])--> Bf5bb367d65b9
click Edge_febbd8dbd993 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Bbaaf0e83ddbe --- Edge_266620c86ad2(["Requires"])--> B4182a38f4e7c
click Edge_266620c86ad2 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B4a97a52331eb --- Edge_f75350cd7ab8(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_f75350cd7ab8 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
B51759915214c --- Edge_9417f38604a5(["comment"])--> Literal_bf1d305656ee
click Edge_9417f38604a5 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
B8c4da29ae39f --- Edge_203772b21e23(["comment"])--> Literal_bf1d305656ee
click Edge_203772b21e23 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
B0b6b0bd351bd --- Edge_36ae14a91e0e(["comment"])--> Literal_5acc18c6d98b
click Edge_36ae14a91e0e "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
B14252a9be848 --- Edge_0a10a6d46fdd(["Requires"])--> Bb9837f8755c4
click Edge_0a10a6d46fdd "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Be92d5ba6162c --- Edge_2df69ba73372(["Requires"])--> B824a4566f636
click Edge_2df69ba73372 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B8c4da29ae39f --- Edge_bf13bc82c738(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_bf13bc82c738 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
Bcd0abbaeeead --- Edge_41479a94c99d(["comment"])--> Literal_f9da3439287e
click Edge_41479a94c99d "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
Bd00f16bea640 --- Edge_962f07abf28a(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_962f07abf28a "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
Bf67658470c57 --- Edge_e78d02f756f2(["Requires"])--> B4182a38f4e7c
click Edge_e78d02f756f2 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B4f54defb2388 --- Edge_e5f73a5026f3(["Requires"])--> Bd358df71da69
click Edge_e5f73a5026f3 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Bcd0abbaeeead --- Edge_a0591da94ff9(["Requires"])--> B0637ac0cffe0
click Edge_a0591da94ff9 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Bcd0abbaeeead --- Edge_2d5d36e0ac8c(["Requires"])--> B9e65477db6b5
click Edge_2d5d36e0ac8c "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B2a42db9ffefe --- Edge_0cc4eb43bf93(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_0cc4eb43bf93 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
Bb9837f8755c4 --- Edge_64027463d5c2(["comment"])--> Literal_47b134c1bb51
click Edge_64027463d5c2 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
Be312146506a1 --- Edge_9688d99114af(["isDefinedBy"])--> https___doi_org_10_1073_pnas_2120037119
click Edge_9688d99114af "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"
B30c1fde31ba7 --- Edge_84699a956291(["comment"])--> Literal_45f71d7c5f2a
click Edge_84699a956291 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
Bcd0abbaeeead --- Edge_50b65fe82ea8(["Requires"])--> B43704ea1605c
click Edge_50b65fe82ea8 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B30c1fde31ba7 --- Edge_a89b5c9d36eb(["Requires"])--> B7776165f7846
click Edge_a89b5c9d36eb "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B4f54defb2388 --- Edge_5302da5e6e43(["comment"])--> Literal_17d8f7821f93
click Edge_5302da5e6e43 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
B0637ac0cffe0 --- Edge_7aa67ce7b0b8(["comment"])--> Literal_19e68450f3c1
click Edge_7aa67ce7b0b8 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
B1c1f7cbfa71f --- Edge_f9a6e51a8a3a(["Requires"])--> Bf5bb367d65b9
click Edge_f9a6e51a8a3a "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Bcd0abbaeeead --- Edge_6e5c43c471ed(["Requires"])--> Bf5bb367d65b9
click Edge_6e5c43c471ed "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B4a97a52331eb --- Edge_f3a1a4725b39(["comment"])--> Literal_ebbd6d9a9060
click Edge_f3a1a4725b39 "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"
B4a97a52331eb --- Edge_2d3a35472be5(["Requires"])--> Be312146506a1
click Edge_2d3a35472be5 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B14252a9be848 --- Edge_71b94eb4449f(["Requires"])--> B7776165f7846
click Edge_71b94eb4449f "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Be92d5ba6162c --- Edge_14b9b81d6e0e(["Requires"])--> B4182a38f4e7c
click Edge_14b9b81d6e0e "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Bf544a116c0ea --- Edge_4bfe089e45c8(["Requires"])--> B2799440a060f
click Edge_4bfe089e45c8 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B8c4da29ae39f --- Edge_84cfe3746830(["Requires"])--> Bb9837f8755c4
click Edge_84cfe3746830 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Bcafc7a3c034f --- Edge_ff343f27e153(["w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom"])--> Be92d5ba6162c
click Edge_ff343f27e153 "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom"
B2a42db9ffefe --- Edge_74e30e746890(["Requires"])--> B8abd996e57e0
click Edge_74e30e746890 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
B4a97a52331eb --- Edge_99b73a015e6b(["Requires"])--> B0b6b0bd351bd
click Edge_99b73a015e6b "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
Bd00f16bea640 --- Edge_3f22aacfb7e3(["Requires"])--> B8abd996e57e0
click Edge_3f22aacfb7e3 "http://purl.org/dc/terms/requires"
classDef predicate fill:#1f2233,stroke:transparent,color:#f8fafc,stroke-width:0px;
classDef hidden fill:transparent,stroke:transparent,color:transparent,stroke-width:0px;
classDef nanopubdot fill:#0f172a,stroke:#0f172a,color:transparent,stroke-width:2px;
classDef transparent fill:transparent,stroke:transparent,color:transparent,stroke-width:0px;
class Edge_38246e6ef734,Edge_b4729b303016,Edge_2e252409361d,Edge_613b1788a082,Edge_bf5ca896f495,Edge_4db51e4bedc8,Edge_152fa8481287,Edge_0a09351d39aa,Edge_b2fde1a2e35a,Edge_da093d057ce9,Edge_9716740d3ec6,Edge_80361dfd2315,Edge_91703aa00298,Edge_f892ea5cc278,Edge_5c201fe6bfa4,Edge_fec591d7b90a,Edge_b1fc2a51110f,Edge_feef168c0cc8,Edge_b91e664fa1de,Edge_6a749c2c2a05,Edge_7cd86af9b072,Edge_7c2dd25cd4b9,Edge_b7dd7ba8d5fa,Edge_4b6d69d8984d,Edge_61b084a768cf,Edge_13ed282a2a80,Edge_94a34007b595,Edge_56b58913ace5,Edge_c08417ec6a47,Edge_9c044baac578,Edge_57d8f79ea7c6,Edge_24b1dcf39100,Edge_ce7b5e935d7a,Edge_3fcafe4dab28,Edge_d03cc149e28b,Edge_7e30c28e19cd,Edge_d6413c8099e7,Edge_e56464bc6124,Edge_9730da35f304,Edge_313a94217438,Edge_5c82fc49acdc,Edge_e5718d97e17e,Edge_b3b3a082c18d,Edge_fc67d345ba46,Edge_64a9ce82993a,Edge_12aa8f25236c,Edge_7bf0825c7152,Edge_a8d2ef442294,Edge_332fef949d6a,Edge_9ff3287883fb,Edge_1c0e6b94fbde,Edge_809ce79bc60e,Edge_7ed22053ea04,Edge_d153b1013ac6,Edge_7b7026deec59,Edge_747f7b4f1562,Edge_cf3859306f52,Edge_ee8e90059631,Edge_55995978a24b,Edge_fa4253e3034c,Edge_20693ba8cbbf,Edge_92b6106ba6b5,Edge_75292ae1409a,Edge_9ed686d1b9e1,Edge_73070ee9068e,Edge_48eaf226cc9b,Edge_428f9aa8234d,Edge_a37f7e2a5bb2,Edge_846e1629cfeb,Edge_a4348938b319,Edge_df60d6049282,Edge_2ee5eef6f746,Edge_70355584b55f,Edge_91a6c4f4c225,Edge_515d922b5ab9,Edge_d0e15523425f,Edge_262c28fbc627,Edge_9e7e785e450c,Edge_5331505a6c65,Edge_0b6d1b97cbeb,Edge_9c13eebf576a,Edge_94b1042b6a0f,Edge_057393f47213,Edge_2fe9db7a0b3c,Edge_3f6eec114740,Edge_6e73a0bee6a2,Edge_0a2c52cf0db3,Edge_1f84a65cf537,Edge_cd3b2da27a0b,Edge_f343085a0782,Edge_46c057de0fa0,Edge_796ec5e4af27,Edge_0775a5e6291f,Edge_2f951e3bee28,Edge_0698964a5f85,Edge_f52af0556506,Edge_b302db54873f,Edge_b1f0cddd63eb,Edge_621b5c5a317f,Edge_535eb5ea30b1,Edge_d08c98f69fb4,Edge_5874bae05a62,Edge_64c1c2347f20,Edge_b678ec2caa5a,Edge_8e9e4ca3fe78,Edge_9f93681050d2,Edge_d9375a4d1260,Edge_8bbabc9ed9bd,Edge_f906a8567625,Edge_168a199f246e,Edge_94a66b868083,Edge_7ee147de089f,Edge_dbc50dd60174,Edge_febbd8dbd993,Edge_266620c86ad2,Edge_f75350cd7ab8,Edge_9417f38604a5,Edge_203772b21e23,Edge_36ae14a91e0e,Edge_0a10a6d46fdd,Edge_2df69ba73372,Edge_bf13bc82c738,Edge_41479a94c99d,Edge_962f07abf28a,Edge_e78d02f756f2,Edge_e5f73a5026f3,Edge_a0591da94ff9,Edge_2d5d36e0ac8c,Edge_0cc4eb43bf93,Edge_64027463d5c2,Edge_9688d99114af,Edge_84699a956291,Edge_50b65fe82ea8,Edge_a89b5c9d36eb,Edge_5302da5e6e43,Edge_7aa67ce7b0b8,Edge_f9a6e51a8a3a,Edge_6e5c43c471ed,Edge_f3a1a4725b39,Edge_2d3a35472be5,Edge_71b94eb4449f,Edge_14b9b81d6e0e,Edge_4bfe089e45c8,Edge_84cfe3746830,Edge_ff343f27e153,Edge_74e30e746890,Edge_99b73a015e6b,Edge_3f22aacfb7e3 predicate
Principle → phenomenon links
| Phenomenon | Predicated on principles |
|---|---|
| E1 | P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 |
| E2 | P2 |
| E3 | P4 |
| E4 | P1 |
| E5 | P2 |
| E6 | P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 |
| E7 | P6 |
| E8 | P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 |
| E9 | P5, P6, P7 |
| E10 | P4, P5, P6 |
Phenomenon → phenomenon links
| Phenomenon | Relationship | Related phenomenon |
|---|---|---|
| E3 | consequence of | E2 |
| E5 | predicated on | E2 |
| E7 | consequence of | E6 |
| E8 | predicated on | E1, E6, E7 |
| E9 | predicated on | E5 |
| E10 | predicated on | E8 |
[^generic]: Phenomena E1–E7 are generic—they apply to all learning systems, including purely physical and prebiotic ones. Phenomena E8–E10 belong in the realm of biology; the onset of natural selection (E8) marks the origin of life.